Jean-Pierre Chevènement est un homme politique.
Président de la Fondation Res Publica, il est également président d'honneur du Mouvement républicain et citoyen.
Le 22 mai 1981, il est nommé ministre d'État, ministre de la Recherche et de la Technologie. Il démissionne le 22 mars 1983 pour protester contre la « parenthèse libérale » et lance sa célèbre phrase : « Un ministre, ça ferme sa gueule ; si ça veut l'ouvrir, ça démissionne ».
Le 19 juillet 1984, nommé ministre de l'Éducation nationale, il occupe cette fonction jusqu'en mars 1986. Il rétablit à cette occasion l'enseignement de l'éducation civique, alors abandonné depuis 1969.
Nommé le 13 mai 1988, ministre de la Défense des gouvernements Rocard I et II, il démissionne le 29 janvier 1991 pour protester contre l'engagement de l'armée française dans la guerre en Irak.
En 1992, il fait campagne contre la ratification du traité de Maastricht, puis, critiquant la « dérive gestionnaire » des socialistes, il quitte le PS en 1993 et transforme le Mouvement des Citoyens (fondé en 1992) en parti politique, dont il prend la présidence.
Le 4 juin 1997, il est nommé ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement Jospin.Il est l'un des défenseurs d'une « politique sécuritaire de gauche », S'opposant notamment au garde des Sceaux, Élisabeth Guigou, sur la question de la mise en détention des jeunes délinquants, et mettant en place la police de proximité. En désaccord avec le plan de Lionel Jospin sur l’avenir de la Corse, Jean-Pierre Chevènement démissionne le 29 août 2000.
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